STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE TOURISM SECTOR IN KAZAKHSTAN: BASED ON THE EXPERIENCES OF VIETNAM, TURKEY, MALAYSIA, AND SPAIN

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of tourism development models in Vietnam, Turkey, Malaysia, and Spain, with the aim of drawing applicable insights for Kazakhstan. The study examines government policies, infrastructure development, marketing strategies, and diversification of tourism products in these countries. It also evaluates the current state of Kazakhstan’s tourism sector, identifying structural challenges and untapped potential.
Using the benchmarking method, the article formulates concrete recommendations tailored to Kazakhstan’s context, aimed at transforming tourism into a strategic sector of the national economy. These recommendations include institutional reforms, infrastructural investments, capacity building, and improved international positioning. The article contributes to the practical discourse on developing a competitive and sustainable tourism model for Kazakhstan by integrating successful international practices.