FORMATION OF A SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM MODEL IN KAZAKHSTAN THROUGH INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND LOCAL PRACTICE

Abstract

This study undertakes a critical examination of evolving tourism paradigms with a specific emphasis on the ecotourism sector in Kazakhstan, aiming to evaluate its present condition and strategic development potential. Central to the research is the formulation of the Kazakhstan Integrated Ecotourism Development Model (KIEDM), an original, context-sensitive framework that synergizes globally recognized ecotourism principles with Kazakhstan’s unique environmental, cultural, and institutional landscapes. Adopting a rigorous mixed-methods approach, the study integrates qualitative data from expert interviews, fieldwork, and policy documents with quantitative analyses derived from international databases and governmental statistics. The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle is employed as a dynamic operational tool to facilitate iterative evaluation, implementation, and refinement of ecotourism strategies. The research is further enriched by comparative case analyses from leading ecotourism destinations—New Zealand, Costa Rica, and Belarus—offering translatable insights into effective policy design, eco-certification regimes, and participatory governance mechanisms. Belarus, in particular, provides a compelling model for integrating ecological preservation with rural community engagement. Synthesizing these global lessons with local realities, the study delivers a coherent policy roadmap designed to enhance Kazakhstan’s ecotourism infrastructure, regulatory coherence, and service quality. The findings underscore the imperative of aligning tourism development with ecological stewardship and sustainable development goals, advancing a vision of tourism that is economically viable, environmentally sound, and socially inclusive. Beyond its national scope, the study offers transferable methodologies and strategic guidance for other emerging ecotourism destinations across Central Asia.